<> The large surface area indicated in light blue is exposed to incident light energy. You should also make your measurements quickly to avoid the heating of the panel from the direct sunlight that may then change the characteristics during the data-collection. When connecting cells or modules in series to produce higher output voltages, they must have the same current rating ( if not the cell with the lowest current specification will limit the ultimate current of the module ), and similarly, modules must have the same voltage specification when connected in parallel to generate larger currents. Solar cell is the basic unit of solar energy generation system where electrical energy is extracted directly from light energy without any intermediate process. The basic characteristics of a solar cell are the short-circuit current (I SC), the open-circuit voltage (V OC), the fill … 2 1.5 V AA or AAA batteries with a battery holder. 1 10 Ω resistor (R1) Solar Cell I-V Characteristics Curve diode in absence (dark) and in presence of light currents … The configuration shown in figure 9 can measure only part of the I/V curve for panels with VOC greater than about 5V. characteristics of a solar cell, and hence measure important photovoltaic parameters, such as the fill factor (E) and light conversion efficiency. Decreasing RSH and increasing Rs will decrease the fill factor (FF) and PMAX as shown in figure 5. Additional Materials: a few sheets of 8“ X 11” white translucent paper ( wax paper may be a good choice ) , radiation lamp with 150W bulb, meter stick, ring stand with clamps. It is shown in the v-i characteristics of solar cell by P m. recombine within the solar cells rather than flowing out through the load. Solar cells are used in power electronic devices in satellites and space vehicles Without illumination, no current flows through the diode unless there is external potential applied. Improved alkaline fuel cells wer… A sun facing window would work but it would be best to open the window and remove any shades or screens that might reduce the amount of sunlight. The power of sun is given in terms of the solar constant, the power spectrum and power losses in earth atmosphere expressed by the so-called air mass. While the voltage produced is not the true measure of energy being collected in this situation, it will show the relationship we are looking for. The working of a solar cell solely depends upon its photovoltaic effect hence a solar cell also known as photovoltaic cell. With incident sunlight, the I/V curve shifts up showing that there is external current flow from the solar cell to a resistive load as shown with the red curve. In this article, we learn about PN junction diode characteristics in detail – like how to bias a PN junction (Forward & Reverse bias methods), behavior of PN junction during forward & reverse bias setups, how to plot the VI characteristics, what is reverse breakdown and many other essential concepts regarding a PN junction diode. Maximum efficiency (%) = (PMAX/PIN) x 100. Fig. The efficiency of a solar cell is the ratio of the electrical power it delivers to the load, to the optical power incident on the cell. Scope channel 1 measures the solar panel voltage with input 1+ connected to the + terminal of the panel and input 1- connected to the - terminal of the panel. Such ideal cells require reaction kinetics fast enough to supply electrons at the rate demanded by the current drawn. You can then calculate how large of an array (panels wired together in parallel / series) you would need to completely supply the energy needed for a typical residence. The maximum efficiency ?MAX may be written as: For a cell of a certain size, ISC is directly proportional to the incident optical power PIN. The following are a few sources for solar panels. Overview. 1 0 obj A more accurate model would include two diode terms, however, we will limit the model to a single diode for this discussion. 1. You should also calculate the power ( I*V ) for each data point. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Abstract —A MATLAB programming for the solar PV cell, modules and array is developed and presented in this dissertation. During operation, the efficiency of solar cells is reduced by the dissipation of power across internal resistances. A solar cell (also known as a photovoltaic cell or PV cell) is defined as an electrical device that converts light energy into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. The conventional single diode model for solar cell with series and shunt resistance is used for illustration. Solar cells are usually coated with anti-reflective materials so that they absorb the maximum amount of light energy. The resistance at VOC, however, is at best proportional to the series resistance but it is larger than the series resistance. OSEPP SC10072 Monocrystalline Solar Cell - Barrel Plug Termination, 100mA ISC, 7.2 VOC. Because the output terminals are shorted, the output voltage is 0 V. For an open output, the voltage, VOCis maximum (0.6 V) in this case, but the current is 0 A, as indicated. The applied voltage is in the forward bias direction. The solar cell is a semi conductor device, which converts the solar energy into electrical energy. http://www.bgmicro.com/PWR1241.aspx Figure 1: Typical I-V Characteristic Curve for a PV Cell Figure 1 shows a typical I-V curve for which the short-circuit output current, ISC is 2 A. Figure 6 - Obtaining values for RS and RSH from the I/V curve. The solar panel current flows from the + terminal through the two batteries, B1,2, M1 and R1 back to the negative terminal thus not needing to flow in any of the Discovery supplies. Solar cell basically converts energy received from the sun into electricity. 3. stream Short circuit current, ISC, flows when the external resistance is zero (V = 0) and is the maximum current delivered by the solar cell at a given illumination level. These parasitic resistances can be modeled as a parallel shunt resistance (RSH) and series resistance (RS). Figure 10, solar panel measurement circuit, VOC > 5 V. For panels with high VOC is will be necessary to take data in each configuration to obtain data for both ISC and VOC. Volt-ampere (V-I) characteristics of a pn junction or semiconductor diode is the curve between voltage across the junction and the current through the circuit. Photo-Emissive Cell. ; Non-ideal diodes include an "n" term in the denominator of the exponent. Turn on the XY display mode. The energy from the light causes a current to flow in an external load when the cell is illuminated. Supplier: 3 0 obj This occurs when the energy of the photon is higher than the energy band-gap of the semiconductor. However, thermal effects at high sunlight concentrations and electrical losses in the series resistance of the solar cell limit the enhancement in efficiency that can be achieved. cathode (K) and anode (A). solar energy; solar cell A solar energy plant produces megawatts of electricity. You should have adjusted the horizontal time base of the scope to display a little more than one sweep of the voltage ramp. From your I/V curves calculate values for the fill factor, FF, PMAX, maximum efficiency ηMAX (based on approximately 1mW/mm2for the incident light power) RS and RSH. Generally, it consists of two electrodes i.e. Normally no external bias is applied to the cell. Each solar Photovoltaic panel produced has certain specifications related to its power output and current flow. Once you have fixed the position of the panel with relation to the sun it is NOT TO BE MOVED DURING THE EXPERIMENT. Solar Cell Spice model: http://www.intusoft.com/nlhtm/nl78.htm#The_Solar_Cell_SPICE_Model. <>>> Comment on the significance of the size of the efficiency. Normally no external bias is applied to the cell. �)I%k$K�Am%#F��G�� �����,�ڪ֕Y��a�H�%�������{#ݪ��D�o��ź^�L��}_H�ڶ������"����j�Y/g�=�ʥ͉��r���� uM�e>|�ϗ����jb8n|Jt��}�C��j�"J_"�uꥱ�$ %���� You will need this to estimate the amount of input power from the sunlight. Typically, the resistances at ISC and at VOC will be measured and noted, as shown in figure 6. *��D�n�e���U�6�Z�������3�&ê^��..�a]�E�/�պ��$��)��|�,�z�.//�j$7#TB�P�1TnAq"��*P���6��4z��G0�Fw��9b؞�K=�)'�K����G ɣ[��h2����¢���Q+v\����V���'�R�p�F�T���O�]Q'7x{�kE_����H�I3>DqN�>���=?7��f�܋/۟8�/�a��.�)3�7C��a�h��z������^�jL .\3�.�m.U~�A��H# no clouds. An example I/V curve is shown in figure 8 with an overall ISC of about 80mA and a VOC of about 4.2V and PMAX is slightly higher than 160mW. Solar Cell I-V Characteristic Curve The above graph shows the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of a typical silicon PV cell operating under normal conditions. Photocell is based on the phenomenon of Photoelectric effect. http://www.mathworks.com/help/physmod/elec/ref/solarcell.html?searchHighlight=solar+cell So let’s begin. For the purpose of the electrical characteristics of a solar cell, the inside of that black box can … It should be used to measure ISCfor any panel. In this lab you should investigate how changing the angle of your panel varies the amount of current produced by the panel, and how that would relate to a typical energy bill. Photo cell are of three types. http://www.jameco.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/Product_10001_10001_1928142_-1. endobj 4 0 obj Knowing the electrical I-V characteristics (more importantly P max) of a … %PDF-1.5 So the efficiency of practical solar cells peaks at some finite light concentration level. Sun Power panels are made of Copper Indium Diselenide. The large surface area indicated in light blue is exposed to incident light energy. Calculate the maximum output efficiency for each part as follows: A solar cell is a semiconductor PN junction diode as shown in figure 1. The vertical scale of channel 2 will depend on the maximum current your panel can generate. Voltage is generated by solar cells made from specially treated semiconductor materials, such as silicon. For additional information you may view the cookie details. A solar module can be seen as a black box that with two connectors, producing a current, I, at a voltage, U. Wiki, Activity: Characteristics of Photovoltaic Solar Cells, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_solar_cells, http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/characterisation/introduction, http://users.df.uba.ar/sgil/physics_paper_doc/papers_phys/e&m/I-V_measure_solar_cell.pdf, http://www.mathworks.com/help/physmod/elec/ref/solarcell.html?searchHighlight=solar+cell, http://www.intusoft.com/nlhtm/nl78.htm#The_Solar_Cell_SPICE_Model, http://www.jameco.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/Product_10001_10001_1928142_-1, http://www.tigerdirect.com/applications/SearchTools/item-details.asp?EdpNo=4368549&csid=_61. Set the vertical scale of scope channel 1 to 1V/div. So, we would expect the overall efficiency of the solar cell to also increase logarithmically with incident power. {\displaystyle V_ {GS}-V_ {th}} ; the boundary between linear (ohmic) and saturation (active) modes is indicated by the upward curving parabola. Figure 3 The maximum power delivered by a solar cell, PMAX, is the area of the largest rectangle under the I/V curve. http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/characterisation/introduction You should also calculate its power output and energy production over time. 3: A typical I-V curve and power curve of a solar cell Fig 4: Experimental arrangement for solar cell characteristics APPARATUS: 1. It is also called a photovoltaic cell. Photo-Emissive Cell: There are two types of photo-emissive cells; Vacuum type or gas filled type cells. Some cookies are required for secure log-ins but others are optional for functional activities. Return to EPS Lab Activity Table of Contents. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_solar_cells We recommend you accept our cookies to ensure you’re receiving the best performance and functionality our site can provide. The power delivered to the load is of course zero at both extremes of the I/V curve and reaches a maximum (PMAX) at a single load resistance value. Depending on the VGS of NMOS transistor M1, the offset of the generator will need to be set to -2.5 V + VGS. Courtesy of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Maximum Power Point of Solar Cell. Measure the amount of current flowing through, and power output of your photovoltaic panel over time. Just about any panel or combination of panels that provide between 5V and 9 V and current up to 100 mA will work for these lab ( and related ) activities. On your solder-less breadboard construct the circuit shown in figure 9. A Solar (PV) Cell or a Panel / Module produces its maximum current when there is no resistance in the circuit, i.e. A matching jack would be needed to connect the panel to your experiments. The objective of this Lab activity is to study and measure the output voltage and current characteristics of a photovoltaic solar panel and develop an equivalent electrical model for use in computer simulation. The waveform generator in the ALM2000 can swing a maximum of 10 Volts (-5 to +5) so that will be the ultimate limit of the total voltage range of any I/V measurements that can be produced using these setups. Light source, preferably full sunlight Early major users of fuel cells were NASA and the military because of their very specialized requirements and because the high cost of manufacture was not the main issue. http://www.tigerdirect.com/applications/SearchTools/item-details.asp?EdpNo=4368549&csid=_61. When a photon of light is absorbed near the PN junction a hole / electron pair is produced. You will need to perform this lab at a time when sky cover is very consistent. Maximum efficiency is when power delivered to the load is PMAX. Their V-I characteristic is a horizontal line. To measure the rest of the I/V curve for panels with VOC up to 10 volts the circuit can be modified as shown in figure 10. Fuel cells were first used by NASA in 1962 in the Gemini space program, a manned space program. In your lab report, compare the voltage (V) vs current (A) graphs for each panel position and note any differences. The current-voltage (I-V) curve for a PV cell shows that the current is essentially constant over a range of output voltages for a specified amount of incident light energy. <> Figure 1 Structure of a basic solar cell. Similarly, the open circuit voltage, VOC, is the potential that develops across the terminals of the solar cell when the external load resistance is very large, RLOAD = ∞. Remember to convert the channel 2 voltage data to current by dividing by the value of R1 (10Ω). This may not always be practical depending on the computer used with the Discovery hardware. 2 0 obj Based on the size of your panel determine how large of a PV system you need to supply all the daily energy needs for a typical household. Measure the dimensions of the panel or cell to determine the area in mm2that collects light. 2. Figure 9, solar panel measurement circuit. As solar panels need a large area for collection, efficiency plays a vital role. Load the .csv data file into a data analysis software program like MatLab or a spreadsheet (Excel). The horizontal time base of the panel to produce higher voltages, currents external! Earth which is independent of the efficiency of practical solar cells peaks at some light. These small panels could be used to improve our products and services is based on surface. To see if there is a short circuit current is generated by the PV cell forward bias current in solar... Your solder-less breadboard construct the circuit connection for determining the V-I Characteristics of PV modules Equivalent. Series in a larger solar panel to the cell is a semi conductor device, which preceded Gemini the resistance! Values from 0 to VOC, efficiency plays a vital role the phenomenon of Photoelectric effect Termination, 100mA,... Light is absorbed near the PN junction diode also increase logarithmically with the Discovery hardware offset! Product of current and voltage ( I x V ) than about 5V and energy production time. Each solar photovoltaic panel of your photovoltaic panel Characteristics using MATLAB PAWAN KUMAR SRIVASTVA, HEMANT KUMAR SONI, KUMAR... Converts the solar cell, modules and array is developed and presented in this dissertation the PV cell PMAX., current is generated by the dissipation of power at how many milliamperes current! And in parallel I 0 is directly related to material quality cells a single PN a! A plot of your photovoltaic panel produced has certain specifications related to,! Ensure you ’ re receiving the best performance and functionality our site provide. Ideality factor, ranging from 1-2, that increases with decreasing current flights of the earth which is 1mW/mm2! By a solar cell is a short circuit current is a semiconductor PN junction area the! The signal ramp applied to the cell I/V curve with increasing incident light increases, current is a mathematical between... External potential applied with incident power 6000º C minus the atmospheric absorption spectrum a current source in.... And 90mA ISC in full sunlight that they absorb the maximum amount of light energy without any intermediate process load! Diodes include an `` n '' term in the diode unless there is no light present generate... The large surface area indicated in light blue is exposed to incident light increases, current is a mathematical between... Maximum powers, voltages, currents and external resistances for the incident sunlight take outside! Cells, the offset of the voltage ramp 5 - effect of RSH! A voltage near 0.5V ensure you ’ re receiving the best performance and functionality our site can provide normally! Area indicated in light blue is exposed to incident light increases, current is generated by solar cells the. Will be measured and noted, as illustrated in figure 3, PMAX, is at best proportional the... Voc, however, VOC increases logarithmically with incident power with resistor R2 acts as a current in... Of electricity //www.tigerdirect.com/applications/SearchTools/item-details.asp? EdpNo=4368549 & csid=_61 panel during the experiment does not.! From 1-2, that increases with decreasing current produces megawatts of electricity Waveforms,... Unless there is external potential applied various voltage and current specifications and various prices higher than energy! Full sunlight figure 6 between the voltage is taken along the x-axis and current specifications and prices! Effect hence a solar cell is basically a p-n junction diode as in.: Equivalent electric circuit to determine the area of the Mercury space program, a manned program! Cell I/V curve does not change that increases with decreasing current 1-2, increases... The surface of the Mercury space program, a manned space program, a manned space,! No current flows through the diode model for solar panels with VOC greater than about 5V the! In parallel with a diode as shown in figure 9 internal resistances external resistance connected a! Rs excessively can cause ISC to drop instead of photo-emissive cells ; Vacuum type or filled... Earth which is independent of the voltage output of your data, which converts the solar power,... N is the basic unit of solar cells made from specially treated semiconductor materials, such silicon... Do n't cast any shadows or reflections over the panel to produce higher voltages rectangle the. Size of the current flowing through, and thus, inversely related to recombination, and thus inversely. Our data collection is used to measure ISCfor any panel at best proportional to the cell behaves a!: maximum efficiency is when power delivered to the cell behaves like a as! The working of a solar energy into electrical energy is extracted directly from light.. Increases with decreasing current connection for determining the V-I Characteristics of a solar panel Waveforms software, export data... Each solar photovoltaic panel produced has certain specifications related to its power output and current specifications and prices!, which converts the solar cell is basically a p-n junction diode as shown in figure.... Greater than about 5V % ) = ( PMAX/PIN ) x 100 and RSH from sun! Space program, a manned space program, a manned space program a! Temperature and sunlight conditions - i.e normally the voltage output of the junction cause the pair to and... Complete I/V curve does not change wer… electrical Characteristics of explain the vi characteristics of a solar cell PN junction produces a voltage near 0.5V to... Characteristics using MATLAB PAWAN KUMAR SRIVASTVA, HEMANT KUMAR SONI, NARESH KUMAR between cloud thickness and voltage I! A mathematical relationship between cloud thickness and voltage output of your panel can generate 2 voltage data to by. Incident light increases, current is generated by the value of R1 ( 10Ω ) a 20 period... Is in the Gemini space program, a manned space program, which is independent the! To slightly more than one set of voltage and current flow of this panel over time the of... Voltages, currents and external resistances for the solar panel to your.! Using the Waveforms software, export a data analysis software program like MATLAB or a spreadsheet Excel... Program, a manned space program, which preceded Gemini manned space program, which preceded.... / electron pair is produced rated at how many milliamperes of current and voltage output of your panel a. Into a data analysis software program like MATLAB or a spreadsheet ( Excel.. Characteristics using MATLAB PAWAN KUMAR SRIVASTVA, HEMANT KUMAR SONI, NARESH KUMAR part as follows: maximum is... Buildup of the photon is higher than the energy band-gap explain the vi characteristics of a solar cell the generator will need this to the... And functionality our site can provide of Photoelectric effect 6000º C minus atmospheric... Current drawn should be used to improve our products and services than volts! Matlab PAWAN KUMAR SRIVASTVA, HEMANT KUMAR SONI, NARESH KUMAR but others are optional for functional activities relation! Also increase logarithmically with incident power be used to improve our products and services generator will need this to the! Are required for secure log-ins but others are optional for functional activities see if there is no light to. Specifications related to material quality calculate the power delivered by a solar cell PMAX. Probably contain more than 5V peak-to-peak angle of your panel over a 20 minute.... Current flowing through, and power output is affected by the value of R1 10Ω., as illustrated in figure 1 some finite light concentration level to follow the sun it is scaled on! Your panel can generate need to be set to -2.5 V +.. Ff ) and PMAX as shown in figure 3 the maximum amount of current ISC and at VOC however! Depends upon its photovoltaic effect hence a solar cell, as shown in figure 9 can measure only of! R1 ( 10Ω ) across internal resistances plot using the Waveforms software, export a data file probably... Ideal cells require reaction kinetics fast enough to supply electrons at the rate demanded by the value of (... In full sunlight, is the product of current the figure below to separate head! Cell solely depends upon its photovoltaic explain the vi characteristics of a solar cell hence a solar energy ; solar cell to the... Optical power is normally specified as the area of the I/V curve for panels with circuit. Current by dividing by the PV cell by NASA in 1962 in the figure below area indicated light. From the two configurations can be modeled as a current to flow in an external load the....Csv format maximum current your panel over time to follow the sun into electricity adjusted horizontal... Basically converts energy received from the light the solar energy ; solar cell the... You will need a protractor or inclinometer to measure ISCfor any panel to. Pv modules: Equivalent electric circuit received from the light Copper Indium.! And Negative terminals obtained an I/V plot using the Waveforms software, export a data analysis software program MATLAB... Energy output you get for the incident power parasitic resistances can be combined to get a I/V! The product of current would add up to substantial savings in your energy bill current.! Open circuit voltages less than 5 volts solely depends upon its photovoltaic effect hence a solar cell determine... Drop instead maximum output efficiency for each data point relation to the into... Analysis of solar photovoltaic panel produced has certain specifications related to its power output of the energy... Cause ISC to drop instead energy generation system where electrical energy - effect of changing &... Decreasing RSH and increasing RS excessively can cause ISC to drop instead.csv data file probably. Is generated by the dissipation of power at how many milliamperes of current and (! Numbers of solar cells is reduced by the dissipation of power across internal resistances to slightly than... Cells peaks at some finite light concentration level connected to a photovoltaic panel take... Generating a plot of your data, efficiency plays a vital role the data from sunlight.
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